As of 06:00 GMT, 6 May 2009, 22 countries have officially reported 1516 cases of influenza A (H1N1) infection.
WHO director general has raised the current level of influenza pandemic alert from phase 4 to phase 5. Phase 5 is characterized by human-to-human spread of the virus into at least two countries in one WHO region. While most countries will not be affected at this stage, the declaration of Phase 5 is a strong signal that a pandemic is imminent and that the time to finalize the organization, communication, and implementation of the planned mitigation measures is short.
Mexico has reported 822 laboratory confirmed human cases of infection, including 29 deaths. The United States has reported 642 laboratory confirmed human cases, including two deaths. The two fatally infected people (both of them from Texas) had underlying health issues, which may have attributed to the increased severity of their illness.
The following countries have reported laboratory confirmed cases with no deaths – Austria (1), Canada (165), China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (1), Colombia (1), Costa Rica (1), Denmark (1), El Salvador (2), France (4), Germany (9), Guatemala (1), Ireland (1), Israel (4), Italy (5), Netherlands (1), New Zealand (6), Portugal (1), Republic of Korea (2), Spain (57), Switzerland (1) and the United Kingdom (27).
It is considered prudent for people who are ill to delay international travel and for people developing symptoms following international travel to seek medical attention, in line with guidance from national authorities. Individuals are advised to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water on a regular basis and should seek medical attention if they develop any symptoms of influenza-like illness.
WHO advises no restriction of regular travel or closure of borders.
NOW TO THE MILLION DOLLAR QUESTION: ARE PIGS GOOD OR BAD?
There is no risk of infection from this virus from consumption of well-cooked pork and pork products. So, it’s safe to assume that PIGS ARE NOT BAD!!!!
People with prolonged proximity to pigs are known to have immunity to Influenza A(H1N1) viruses that can prevent the virus infection. So, PIGS MAY BE GOOD!!!!
Unless absolutely necessary, I’d definitely advise you to avoid hanging out with SICK PIGS, for the time being, though!!!!
Time for some Q&A:
What is Influenza A(H1N1)?
Influenza A(H1N1), or “Influenza A(H1N1)”, is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease of pigs, caused by one of several Influenza A(H1N1) viruses. Morbidity tends to be high and mortality low (1‐4%). The virus is spread among pigs by aerosols, direct and indirect contact, and asymptomatic carrier pigs. Outbreaks in pigs occur year round, with an increased incidence in the autumn and winter in temperate zones. Many countries routinely vaccinate swine populations against Influenza A(H1N1).
Influenza A(H1N1) viruses are most commonly of the H1N1 subtype, but other subtypes are also circulating in pigs (e.g., H1N2, H3N1, H3N2). Pigs can also be infected with avian influenza viruses and human seasonal influenza viruses as well as Influenza A(H1N1) viruses. The H3N2 swine virus was thought to have been originally introduced into pigs by humans. Sometimes pigs can be infected with more than one virus type at a time, which can allow the genes from these viruses to mix. This can result in an influenza virus containing genes from a number of sources, called a “reassortant” virus. Although Influenza A(H1N1) viruses are normally species specific and only infect pigs, they do sometimes cross the species barrier to cause disease in humans.
What are the implications for human health?
Outbreaks and sporadic human infection with Influenza A(H1N1) have been occasionally reported. Generally clinical symptoms are similar to seasonal influenza but reported clinical presentation ranges broadly from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia resulting in death.
Since typical clinical presentation of Influenza A(H1N1) infection in humans resembles seasonal influenza and other acute upper respiratory tract infections, most of the cases have been detected by chance through seasonal influenza surveillance. Mild or asymptomatic cases may have escaped from recognition; therefore the true extent of this disease among humans is unknown.
Where have human cases occurred?
Since the implementation of IHR(2005)1 in 2007, WHO has been notified of Influenza A(H1N1) cases from the United States and Spain.
How do people become infected?
Humans usually contract Influenza A(H1N1) from infected pigs, however, some cases lack contact history with pigs or environments where pigs have been located. Human‐to‐human transmission has occurred in some instances but was limited to close contacts and closed groups of people.
Is it safe to eat pork and pork products?
Yes. Influenza A(H1N1) has not been shown to be transmissible to people through eating properly handled and prepared pork (pig meat) or other products derived from pigs. The Influenza A(H1N1) virus is killed by cooking temperatures of 160°F/70°C, corresponding to the general guidance for the preparation of pork and other meat.
Which countries have been affected by outbreaks in pigs?
Influenza A(H1N1) is not notifiable to international animal health authorities (OIE, www.oie.int), therefore its international distribution in animals is not well known. The disease is considered endemic in the United States. Outbreaks in pigs are also known to have occurred in North America, South America, Europe (including the UK, Sweden, and Italy), Africa (Kenya), and in parts of eastern Asia including China and Japan.
What about the pandemic risk?
It is likely that most people, especially those who do not have regular contact with pigs, do not have immunity to Influenza A(H1N1) viruses that can prevent the virus infection. If a A/H1N1 virus establishes efficient human‐to human transmission, it can cause an influenza pandemic. The impact of a pandemic caused by such a virus is difficult to predict: it depends on virulence of the virus, existing immunity among people, cross protection by antibodies acquired from seasonal influenza infection and host factors.
Is there a human vaccine to protect against influenza?
There are no vaccines that contain the current influenza virus causing illness in humans. It is not known whether current human seasonal influenza vaccines can provide any protection. Influenza viruses change very quickly. It is important to develop a vaccine against the currently circulating virus strain for it to provide maximum protection to the vaccinated people. This is why WHO needs access to as many viruses as possible in order to select the most appropriate candidate vaccine virus.
What medicines are available for treatment?
There are two classes of such medicines, 1) adamantanes (amantadine and remantadine), and 2) inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase (oseltamivir and zanamivir).
Most of the previously reported Influenza A(H1N1) cases recovered fully from the disease without requiring medical attention and without antiviral medicines.
Some influenza viruses develop resistance to the antiviral medicines, limiting the effectiveness of treatment. The viruses obtained from the recent human cases with Influenza A(H1N1) in the United States are sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir but resistant to amantadine and remantadine.
Information is insufficient to make recommendations on the use of the antivirals in treatment of Influenza A(H1N1) virus infection. Clinicians should make decisions based on the clinical and epidemiological assessment and harms and benefits of the treatment of the patient2. For the ongoing outbreak of the Influenza A(H1N1) infection in the United States and Mexico, national and local authorities are recommending use oseltamivir or zanamivir for treatment of the disease based on the virus’s susceptibility profile.
What should I do if I am in regular contact with pigs?
Even though there is no clear indication that the current human cases with Influenza A(H1N1) infection are related to recent or ongoing influenza‐like disease events in pigs, it would be advisable to minimize contact with sick pigs and report such animals to relevant animal health authorities.
Most people are infected through prolonged, close contact with infected pigs. Good hygiene practices are essential in all contact with animals and are especially important during slaughter and post‐slaughter handling to prevent exposure to disease agents. Sick animals or animals that died from disease should not be undergoing slaughtering procedures. Follow further advice from relevant national authorities.
Influenza A(H1N1) has not been shown to be transmissible to people through eating properly handled and prepared pork (pig meat) or other products derived from pigs. The Influenza A(H1N1) virus is killed by cooking temperatures of 160°F/70°C corresponding to the general guidance for the preparation of pork and other meat.
How can I protect myself from getting Influenza A(H1N1) from infected people?
In the past, human infection with Influenza A(H1N1) was generally mild but is known to have caused severe illness such as pneumonia. For the current outbreaks in the United States and Mexico however, the clinical pictures have been different. None of the confirmed cases in the United States have had the severe form of the disease and the patients recovered from illness without requiring medical care. In Mexico, some patients reportedly had the severe form of the disease.
To protect yourself, practice general preventive measures for influenza:
- Avoid close contact with people who appear unwell and who have fever and cough.
- Wash your hands with soap and water frequently and thoroughly.
- Practice good health habits including adequate sleep, eating nutritious food, and keeping physically active.
If there is an ill person at home:
- Try to provide the ill person a separate section in the house. If this is not possible, keep the patient at least 1 meter in distance from others.
- Cover mouth and nose when caring for the ill person. Masks can be bought commercially or made using the readily available materials as long as they are disposed of or cleaned properly.
- Wash your hands with soap and water thoroughly after each contact with the ill person.
- Try to improve the air flow in the area where the ill person stays. Use doors and windows to take advantage of breezes.
- Keep the environment clean with readily available household cleaning agents.
If you are living in a country where Influenza A(H1N1) has caused disease in humans, follow additional advice from national and local health authorities.
What should I do if I think I have Influenza A(H1N1)?
If you feel unwell, have high fever, cough and/or sore throat:
- Stay at home and keep away from work, school or crowds as much as possible.
- Rest and take plenty of fluids.
- Cover your mouth and nose with disposable tissues when coughing and sneezing and dispose of the used tissues properly.
- Wash your hands with soap and water frequently and thoroughly, especially after coughing or sneezing.
- Inform family and friends about your illness and seek help for household chores that require contact with other people such as shopping.
If you need medical attention:
- Contact your doctor or healthcare provider before travelling to see them and report your symptoms. Explain why you think you have Influenza A(H1N1) (for example, if you have recently travelled to a country where there is a Influenza A(H1N1) outbreak in humans). Follow the advice given to you for care.
- If it is not possible to contact your healthcare provider in advance, communicate your suspicion of having Influenza A(H1N1) immediately upon arrival at the healthcare facility.
- Take care to cover your nose and mouth during travel.
More helpful information can be obtained from the links below:
http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/general_info.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/key_facts.htm
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/habits.htm?s_cid=swineFlu_outbreak_internal_003
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/preventing.htm
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